Lat. urgēre
After having taken a close look at all the relatives of the words related to the cognates Eng. emergency ~ Sp. emergencia, let us look now at the words related to the cognates Eng. urgency ~ Sp. urgencia, which ultimately descend from the Latin verb urgēre, which meant primarily ‘to press, push, force, drive, impel, urge’. It was a second conjugation (present infiintive ending ‑ēre) verb that lacks a supine/passive participle form.
- Verb: urgeō, urgēre, ursī (no supine/passive participle)
- Meaning: ‘to press, push, force, drive, impel, urge; etc.’
Before delving into the cognate nouns Eng. urgency
~ Sp. urgencia, let us start by looking at the cognate adjectives Eng. urgent
~ Sp. urgente, both of which mean basically ‘requiring immediate action
or attention’ (COED). These adjectives descend from the Latin verb urgēre’s
third declension present participle urgēns ‘urging, that urges’, whose
regular stem was urgent‑ and its accusative form was urgentem (urg‑ent‑em).
Eng. urgent [ˈɜɹ.ʤənt]
was borrowed through French in the late 15th century after French borrowed the
word from Latin in the 14th century, although this French word did not become a
common word until the 19th century (cf. Mod. Fr. urgent [yʀˈʒɑ̃]). Sp. urgente [uɾ.ˈxen̪.t̪e] was borrowed later, in the
late 16th century, and although Spanish dictionaries tell us that Sp. urgente
came from Latin, it is quite likely that it was borrowed through French too,
just like Eng. urgent was. Both English and Spanish have derived adverbs
from these adjectives, namely Eng. urgently (urgent+ly) and Sp. urgentemente
(urgente+mente), which are also very common words, just like the adjectives
they are derived from.
Some dictionaries mention a second, formal sense for Eng. urgent
which is not found in Sp. urgente, one which is used to refer to a tone
of voice, a plea, or a knock, a meaning that has been defined as ‘formal
done or said in a way that shows that you want something to be dealt with
immediately: an urgent whisper’ (LDCE). This secondary, derived sense of
Eng. urgent can be translated into Spanish as apremiante or insistente,
e.g. in an urgent tone of voice -
con un tono de voz apremiante (Harrap’s).
The Spanish adjective urgente is also used in some
contexts where English urgent is not used. Thus, for instance, urgente
is used in the context of mail, as in correo urgente, where it means
‘express’ or ‘first-class’ (mail). Also, sometimes a better translation of Sp. urgente
than Eng. urgent is a synonym of this word, such as pressing or rush,
as in un trabajo urgente = a rush job. Finally, as we saw earlier
in the chapter, in health matters Sp. urgente can translate into English
as emergency, as in un paciente/caso urgente – an emergency
patient/case, at least as used in some dialects of Spanish.
From the plural neuter form of the Latin present participle urgēns, namely urgentĭa, an abstract
noun meaning ‘pressure’ was derived in Late Latin by conversion, i.e.
without addition of any affixes, cf. Part I, Chapter 5 (urg‑ent‑ĭa). From this Late Latin noun
come the cognates Eng. urgency ~ Sp. urgencia, both of which refer
to ‘the quality or condition of being urgent; pressing importance’ (AHD).
Eng. urgency [ˈɜɹ.ʤən.si] is attested as early as the mid-16th century,
or about a century after the first attestation of the adjective urgent. The
OED tells us that it may come from Late Latin urgentĭa by changing the Latin ‑tia
ending to ‑cy, as in so many other existing English words borrowed from
Latin. But the OED also says that the word urgency could have been developed
in English, by adding the Latinate suffix ‑cy to the adjective urgent,
following the pattern of so many Latinate English adjectives that derive from
Latin present participles, e.g. agent ~ agency, potent ~ potency,
competent ~ competency, consistent ~ consistency,
etc. There is no evidence of the French cognate urgence being attested
before 1573, so this time the Latinate English word may not have come through
French (Le Grand Robert).
Just like English has emergence in addition to emergency
(see above), both ultimately from the same Latin source, English also has
the a word urgence in addition to urgency. Eng. urgence is
quite rare today, compared to urgency, however, more so than the word emergence.
The few dictionaries that carry this word refer us to its synonym urgency
(e.g. WNTIUD). The OED tells us that urgence was borrowed from French urgence
in the latter part of the 16th century, a bit later than the first attestation
of urgency. The French word also first appeared around the same time and
although it may have indeed been borrowed from Late Latin urgentĭa. However, French etymological
dictionaries tell us that Fr. urgence [yʀˈʒɑ̃s] was actually derived, in French, from Fr. urgent
in the 16th century and that it was rare until the second half of the 18th
century and not a common until the end of the 19th century (cf. GR, CNRTL).[a]
Going back to the meaning of urgency, we find that, as
in the case of the adjective urgent, there is also a secondary, formal
sense for Eng. urgency, which is not found in its Spanish cognate urgencia.
This sense can be defined as ‘formal the feeling of wanting something
immediately: Emilia heard the urgency in his voice’ (LDCE). This
sense can be translated into Spanish as apremio or with some related
paraphrase, e.g. There was a note of urgency in his voice = Había un
tono apremiante en su voz (Harrap’s).
Sp. urgencia [uɾ.ˈxen̪.θi̯a]
first appeared in a dictionary in 1721 (DIRAE) and it may have been borrowed
from Fr. urgence, with the expected adaptation of the ending from ‑ce
to ‑cia, and not from Lat. urgentĭa as the Academies’ dictionary proclaims. As we
mentioned, the primary meaning of this word is like the primary meaning of its
English cognate urgency. However, just like Eng. urgency has a
sense that Sp. urgencia does not have, Sp. urgencia also has
senses that are not found in Eng. urgency. One of them is the medical
sense that we discussed in the introduction, a sense that (some dialects of)
Spanish has recently calqued from the word’s French cognate, a sense Fr. urgence
acquired around 1960, particularly when the word is used in its plural form.
Thus, as we saw in the introduction, in Spain, urgencias means
‘emergency room’, just like Fr. urgences does. In the preceding section
we saw other senses of Eng. emergency that could be translated into
(some dialects of) Spanish as urgencia(s).
There is another sense in which Sp. urgencia can be
used in a way in which its English cognate urgency cannot, namely, it
can be used to refer to a particular instance of an urgent situation. English emergency
can be used to refer to a particular situation, as in We had an emergency,
but not so urgency, since in English we cannot say *We had an urgency.
Spanish urgencia, on the other hand, can be used this way, and then urgencia
translates as urgent matter or some equivalent phrase (urgencia =
caso urgente, DLE), as in Lo necesito para una urgencia ‘I need
it for an emergency/urgent matter’, or El hospital quedó saturado por las
urgencias ‘The hospital was filled up due to emergency cases’ (DLE).
Going back now to the Latin verb urgēre, we find that
both English and Spanish have borrowed this verb, though the meanings of these
reflexes of the Latin verb are very different, which makes them not very good ‘friends’,
though perhaps not fully ‘false friends’ either. English borrowed Lat. urgēre
as the transitive verb urge [ˈɜɹʤ]
in the mid-16th century with the meaning ‘to bring forward, present, or press
upon the attention’ (OED) and today it means primarily ‘encourage or entreat
earnestly to do something’ and, derived from it, ‘strongly recommend’, as in
e.g. I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch (LDCE), and ‘encourage
to move more quickly’ (COED), e.g. He urged her forward, his hand under her
elbow (LDCE).
Spanish borrowed Lat. urgēre as third conjugation urgir
probably not before the 18th century (Autoridades). Interestingly, it
was borrowed as a third not as a second conjugation verb (*urger),
probably by somebody who did not realize that in Latin, it was a second
conjugation verb and not a third conjugation one (third conjugation ‑ĕre Latin verbs often
changed to third conjugation ‑ir Spanish verbs, but not so second
conjugation ‑ēre
Latin verbs). This verb has only become common in recent times and it is somewhat
formal or literary, unlike the adjective urgente, the adverb urgentemente,
or the noun urgencia (DCEH).[b]
Sp. urgir is primarily and most commonly an
intransitive verb that means ‘to be urgent, be pressing’ and it can be used in
the same manner as gustar, with an indirect object, though one is not
needed, e.g. Me urge que arreglen la avería ‘I need for the malfunction to
be repaired right away’ (GDLEL), which without the indirect object becomes Urge
que arreglen la avería ‘It is imperative for the malfunction be repaired right
away’.
Sp. urgir also has two transitive senses, but they
are much less common and more formal than the intransitive one, and some major dictionaries
do not even mention them, such as María Moliner’s, for example. The
Academies’ dictionary describe these two transitive senses as ‘to request or
demand something with urgency’, as in Los vecinos urgían la construcción de
un parque ‘The neighbors demanded the urgent construction of a park’, and ‘to
drive or impel someone to act quickly’, as in El director la urgió a
terminar el informe ‘The director urged her to finish the report’ (DLE).[c]
This second transitive sense of urgir seems to be identical to one of
the senses of Eng. urge (see above), though it is not recommended that urgir
be used to translate this sense of urge since this use is extremely rare
in Spanish, despite the Academies’ sanction of it.
The two cognate verbs Eng. urge ~ Sp. urgir are
thus, as we said, used very differently and are never really possible
translations of each other. Eng. urge translates into Spanish as instar,
exhortar, pedir con insistencia, or rogar, but not really
as urgir, e.g. I urge you to reconsider – Le pido encarecidamente
que lo reconsidere (OSD), or He urged them not to continue - Les
exhortó a que no continuaran (AESV). Note that in theory, it should be
possible to use urgir to translate Eng. urge, given that urgir
supposedly has transitive senses, one of which seems to be identical to one of
the senses of Eng. urge according to the Academies’ dictionary, but this
is not recommended since those uses are so rare and probably introduced as
calques of expressions in other languages.
As for how we should translate the most common sense of Sp. urgir
into English, not the rare ones mentioned before, we find that there are
different ways, such as with phrases that contain the adjective urgent
or the adverb urgently, e.g. Urge acabar con el conflicto – The
conflict must be brought to an end as speedily as possible [=urgently]
(OSD), ¿Te urge tenerlo? – Do you need it urgently? (AEIV), Me
urge que vengas – I urgently need you come here (WR).
From the verb urge, English derived the homonymous noun
urge by conversion in the early 17th century, which means ‘the act of
urging’ (AHD) or ‘a strong desire or impulse’ (COED), as in Suddenly she had
an overwhelming urge to be with her son (LDCE). Despite the fact that this
word has been around for three centuries, it did not become a common word until
the early 20th century (OED). This noun translates into Spanish as impulso,
deseo, or ganas, e.g. sexual urges – impulsos sexuales
(OSD), to have the urge to do something – tener unas ganas
irrefrenables de hacer algo (AESV).
As with so many other Latin verbs, there were a number of
verbs derived from Lat. urgēre by prefixation, although none of them
have made it into English or Spanish. In total, there were five Latin verbs
derived from urgēre, namely the following:
- adurgēre ‘to press to or close to, press against’ (L&S) < ad‑ ‘to’ + urgēre
- exurgēre ‘to squeeze out’ (L&S) < ex‑ ‘out’ + urgēre
- inurgēre ‘to push, thrust; to obtrude (poet. and post-class.)’ (L&S) < in‑ ‘in’ + urgēre
- perurgēre ‘to press upon greatly, to oppress, distress’ (L&S) < per‑ ‘through’ + urgēre
- suburgēre ‘to drive or urge close to’
(L&S) < sub‑ ‘under’ + urgēre
[a] From Le Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé (TLFi): ‘Étymol.
et Hist. 1550 (G. Paradin, Hist. de Lyon, p. 372 ds Gdf. Compl.),
rare av. la 2e moit. du xviiies.; 1762 urgence du
besoin (Diderot, Lettres à S. Volland, p. 36); 1789 cas d’urgence
(Point du Jour, 27 sept., p. 55 ds Brunot t. 9, p. 778, note 5), att.
dans la lexicogr. dep. Ac. 1798. Dér. de urgent*; suff. -ence (v.
-ance).’ http://atilf.atilf.fr/tlf.htm
[b] DCEH: ‘1.ª doc.: Autoridades. Sólo en fecha muy moderna ha empezado a
emplearse con alguna frecuencia, pero sigue teniendo tono mucho más literario
que urgente y urgencia’.
[c] The original says: ‘Pedir o exigir algo con urgencia o apremio’ and ‘Conducir o empujar
a alguien a una rápida actuación’ (DEL).
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